What is Oxymatrine?

Oxymatrine powder is a quinolizidine alkaloid deduced from the root excerpt of the condiment Sophora flavescens, known as Ku Shen in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This imperishable condiment has been used medicinally in China over 2,000 times to treat colorful seditious conditions, infections, cancer, and skin conditions. ultramodern exploration over the many decades has illustrated numerous of oxymatrine's pharmacological conduct and mechanisms. This composition will give an overview of oxymatrine, its traditional uses, and current scientific examinations of its bioactivities and remedial operations.

Traditional Uses of Oxymatrine

Sophora flavescens and its primary active constituent Oxymatrine powder have been described in ancient Chinese medical textbooks as having heat-clearing, cooling, moistness-drying, antipyretic, analgesic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor goods. It has traditionally been used to treat fever, respiratory infections, hepatitis, cancer, skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, gastrointestinal diseases, vaginitis, and cardiac arrhythmia.

Modern Pharmacological Research

Since oxymatrine was first isolated from Sophora flavescens in 1976, there have been extensive in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating a broad range of pharmacological actions:

Anti-inflammatory Activity

Oxymatrine has been shown to significantly inhibit the product of numerous crucial seditious intercessors including nitric oxide( NO), excrescence necrosis factor- nascence( TNF- α), interleukin- 6( IL- 6) and interleukin- 1 beta( IL- 1β) in lipopolysaccharide( LPS)- stimulated macrophage cell lines. It suppresses inflammation by downregulating NF- kB and mitogen-actuated protein kinase( MAPK) signaling pathways.

Antiviral Effects

Oxymatrine displays antiviral exertion against hepatitis B contagion, hepatitis C contagion, Coxsackie B3 contagion, and mortal immunodeficiency contagion( HIV). It interferes with viral entry, replication, assembly, and release from host cells.

Anticancer Properties

In colorful cancer cell lines and beast models, oxymatrine has displayed antitumor goods potentially through converting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, angiogenesis, and metastasis inhibition, reversing multidrug resistance, and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte exertion. Cancers delved include bone, cervical, colon, liver, lung, pancreatic, prostate, skin, ovarian, and gastric cancers.

Analgesic Activity

Oxymatrine has shown analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects comparable to diclofenac sodium in rat models of acute and chronic pain by suppressing TRPV1 channel expression. It also potentiates opioid analgesia.

Other Activities

Other pharmacological effects demonstrated include protecting against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, preventing ventricular arrhythmias, attenuating pulmonary fibrosis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, reducing serum lipids, protecting pancreatic beta-cell function, and exhibiting antibacterial, antifungal, and antiulcer effects.

Toxicity and Side Effects

98% Oxymatrine has exhibited very low toxicity in research. The median lethal dose (LD50) in mice is over 5 g/kg body weight administered intravenously and over 16 g/kg orally. Some studies found minor impacts on liver and kidney function markers at high doses in animal models which were reversed upon discontinuation. Occasional mild gastrointestinal side effects have been reported. Overall oxymatrine is considered very safe, especially at lower therapeutic dosages.

Therapeutic Applications

Hepatitis Management

Multiple clinical trials and experimental research have demonstrated oxymatrine’s therapeutic effects against viral hepatitis. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials showed it can significantly inhibit hepatitis B virus replication and reduce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels. It also accelerated hepatitis C virus clearance, improved liver function, and alleviated clinical symptoms. Due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, oxymatrine is commonly used in China and Asia for managing acute and chronic viral hepatitis.

Anticancer Adjuvant

With its potential to target multiple hallmarks of cancer, enhance chemosensitivity, and reduce toxicity, oxymatrine is gaining recognition as a novel anticancer agent. Clinical studies have shown it can effectively stabilize complaints, palliate symptoms, and ameliorate quality of life with smaller side goods compared to standard chemotherapy alone in cancers like bone, pancreatic, lung, and liver cancer. It's frequently used as an adjuvant alongside chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Skin Conditions

Topical oxymatrine formulations like gels, creams and ointments have shown therapeutic promise for treating skin inflammatory conditions like eczema, psoriasis, skin ulcers and porokeratosis with good efficacy and safety profiles. Oral administration also improved symptoms and aberrant immune responses in rodent models of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.

Cardiac Protection

Through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, research shows oxymatrine can protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduce ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Clinical trials found intravenous oxymatrine significantly decreased chest distress severity and ECG abnormalities compared to controls when administered within 48 hours after heart attack.

Other Uses

Other conditions oxymatrine has been investigated for include hepatic, pulmonary and renal fibrosis, sepsis, vaginitis, gastrointestinal disorders like ulcerative colitis, neuroinflammation, and depressive disorders. It is also widely marketed in dietary supplements for immune support and health promotion.

Effects and Uses of Matrine and Oxymatrine

Matrine and oxymatrine are alkaloid compounds found in plants from the Sophora genus, including the Chinese herb Ku Shen.  These related compounds have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for their range of pharmacological effects.

Matrine has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and immunoregulatory goods

 in laboratory and beast studies. As an anti-inflammatory, the machine has been set up to inhibit the product of several proinflammatory cytokines and intercessors like excrescence necrosis 

factor- nascence( TNF- α), interleukin- 6( IL- 6), nitric oxide synthase( NOS), and matrix metalloproteinases( MMPs). This anti-inflammatory exertion may be salutary for conditions like arthritis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Matrine also exhibits antiviral goods against hepatitis B contagion, coxsackievirus, enterovirus 71, and other contagions. Through converting cancer cell apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, matrine shows anticancer eventuality against liver, cervical, bone, gastric, skin and other cancers. Matrine is also suitable to regulate vulnerable functions like T lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell development.

Oxymatrine is a structural analog of machine that demonstrates some overlapping effects along with some distinct differences.  Like matrine, oxymatrine possesses anti-inflammatory properties 

by reducing inflammatory cytokines and mediators.  Oxymatrine shows protective effects in rodent models of acute pancreatitis and alcoholic liver disease. It also exhibits antiviral exertion against hepatitis B contagion through inhibition of viral replication. In terms of cancer, oxymatrine demonstrates anticancer eventuality against liver, lung, prostate, bone and pancreatic cancers through induction of cancer cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of angiogenesis. One crucial difference from the machine is that oxymatrine shows antioxidant exertion by adding superoxide dismutase( SOD), catalase( CAT), and glutathione peroxidase( GSH- Px) situations.

In traditional Chinese drugs, oxymatrine is used to treat moistness, edema, abdominal pain, diarrhea and skin infections. moment, oxymatrine and marine composites are under disquisition for implicit remedial use in conditions like hepatitis, cancer, seditious conditions, viral infections, and dampness. further exploration is still demanded to completely understand their pharmacological conditioning and implicit side goods. With further study, marine and oxymatrine may find modern medical applications for an array of health conditions.

Conclusion

In summary, the compound oxymatrine found in Ku Shen (Sophora flavescens) is a promising natural agent exhibiting an array of pharmacological bioactivities. Substantial experimental data and an increasing number of clinical studies have demonstrated oxymatrine’s antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesic, cardioprotective and immunomodulating properties. It is currently used most prevalently as an adjunctive treatment for viral hepatitis, cancer, skin diseases, and cardiac conditions. Oxymatrine has an excellent safety profile with low toxicity. Further pharmacokinetic, toxicological and advanced clinical investigations to affirm therapeutic efficacy and safety will help support broader applications of this ancient Chinese herb-derived compound for modern medicine.

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References:

Yue, S.J., Tang, Y.P., Tan, J.B. et al. Review for the pharmacological effects of oxymatrine. Phytotherapy Research. 2020;34:2509-2530.

Wu, X., Chen, X., Huang, Q. et al. Toxicity and side effects of oxymatrine: A systematic review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019;10:654.

Cao, E.H., Liu, X.F., Wang, J.J. et al. Oxymatrine inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2019;25(31):4567-4579.